The microbiome: What is it and what is its role in vulvovaginal wellbeing
Last updated 26 November 2024
Reviewed by Dr. Kristin Neumann - Kristin Neumann holds a PhD in Microbiology, specialising in molecular biology and antibacterial enzymes, with a specific focus on the microbiome.
Our understanding of the microbiome has advanced significantly in recent years, particularly its role in our health and wellness. This complex ecosystem influences many aspects of our physical wellbeing, including our intimate health.
What is our microbiome?
The microbiome refers to the genetic content of the community of microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microscopic organisms, that live in and on our bodies. These microorganisms play a fundamental role in supporting our immune systems, protecting against harmful pathogens, and maintaining overall health. While we might typically think of bacteria as harmful, the majority of them are beneficial and essential to our wellbeing.
The composition of our microbiome varies widely from one individual to another and changes over time based on factors such as age, diet, lifestyle, and environment. These communities of microorganisms create a dynamic balance, one that is crucial to our body’s functioning and resilience against diseases (Dekaboruah et al., 2020).
Where is our microbiome?
The human microbiome resides in multiple parts of the body, including the gut, skin, mouth, respiratory tract, and intimate areas like the vulva and vagina. The gut microbiome is perhaps the most studied, given its vital role in digestion and immune health. However, each of these areas are home to unique microbial communities that work in specific ways to support health in those regions.
For instance, the skin microbiome helps protect against external environmental threats and manages immune responses, while the vaginal microbiome, primarily dominated by lactobacilli, plays a significant role in maintaining pH balance and preventing infections (Sun et al., 2021).
Do the vulva and vagina have their own microbiomes?
Yes, the vulva and vagina each have distinct microbiomes. Unlike the skin microbiome, which has a variety of bacterial species, the vaginal microbiome is typically dominated by lactobacilli. These beneficial bacteria produce lactic acid, which helps maintain an acidic pH environment, creating an inhospitable setting for harmful pathogens (Africa et al., 2014).
The vulva, being part of the external genitalia, has a microbiome that is more similar to the skin. However, it is influenced by both the vaginal and skin microbiomes, requiring a delicate balance for optimal health. When either of these microbiomes is disrupted, it can lead to discomfort and even infections like bacterial vaginosis or yeast infections (Chen et al., 2021).
Can intimate care products affect our vulvovaginal microbiome?
Yes, the products we apply to our vulvovaginal area can significantly impact its microbiome. Products containing harsh chemicals, strong antibacterial agents, or an improper pH can disrupt the natural balance of microorganisms on our skin. This disruption can lead to dryness, irritation, and, in some cases, an increase in infections.
Microbiome-friendly products, on the other hand, are formulated to respect the natural diversity of the area’s microbiome. These products do not disturb the skin’s pH and avoid stripping away beneficial bacteria, fostering a balanced and healthy environment.
How can I build a healthy vulvovaginal microbiome?
Maintaining a healthy vulvovaginal microbiome is essential for overall intimate health. The following strategies can support a balanced microbial environment:
1. Use Gentle Cleansing Practices
Choose pH-balanced, microbiome-friendly cleansers specifically formulated for the vulva. Avoid harsh soaps, douches, or fragranced products, as they can disrupt the natural acidity and beneficial bacterial balance.
Clean only the external vulva, as the vagina is self-cleaning and doesn't require internal cleansing.
2. Eat a balanced diet
A diet rich in prebiotics (like fiber from fruits, vegetables, and whole grains) and probiotics (found in yogurt, kefir, and fermented foods) support both gut and vaginal microbiome health.
Foods high in antioxidants and omega-3 fatty acids can also support overall microbial balance by reducing inflammation.
3. Stay hydrated
Proper hydration helps maintain mucosal health, creating an environment that supports the growth of beneficial bacteria.
4. Wear breathable fabrics
Choose natural, breathable fabrics like cotton for underwear, and avoid tight-fitting clothing that traps moisture, as this can promote the growth of harmful bacteria or fungi.
5. Practice safe sex
Barrier methods like condoms can prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which can disrupt the vaginal microbiome.
After sex, urinate and cleanse gently to maintain a balanced environment.
6. Monitor hormonal changes
Hormonal shifts (e.g., during menstruation, pregnancy, or menopause) can impact the vaginal microbiome. Using microbiome-friendly menstrual products or consulting with a healthcare provider for tailored solutions can help maintain balance.
7. Manage stress
High stress levels can alter hormone production and immune responses, indirectly impacting the vaginal microbiome. Practices like yoga, meditation, and sufficient sleep can help reduce stress (American Psychological Association, 2018).
8. Understanding the affects of antibiotics
Use antibiotics only when prescribed by a healthcare provider, as they can eliminate beneficial bacteria like lactobacilli (Chacra et al., 2022), which are key to a healthy vaginal microbiome.
If you need antibiotics, you might consider asking your doctor about taking Lactobacillus probiotics to help replenish beneficial bacteria (Chacra et al., 2022).
Building and maintaining a healthy vulvovaginal microbiome involves supporting your body's natural processes through mindful hygiene, dietary choices, and a balanced lifestyle. By understanding the microbiome and choosing products and practices that nurture it, we begin to take control of our intimate wellbeing.
References
Africa, C. W. J., Nel, J., & Stemmet, M. (2014). Anaerobes and Bacterial Vaginosis in Pregnancy: Virulence Factors Contributing to Vaginal Colonisation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 11(7), 6979-7000. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph110706979
American Psychological Association. (2018, November 1). Stress effects on the body. American Psychological Association. Retrieved November 20, 2024, from https://www.apa.org/topics/stress/body
Chacra, L. A., Fenollar, F., & Diop, K. (2022, January 18). Bacterial Vaginosis: What Do We Currently Know? Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.672429/full#B3
Chen, X., Lu, Y., Chen, T., & Li, R. (2021). The Female Vaginal Microbiome in Health and Bacterial Vaginosis. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.631972
Dekaboruah, E., Suryavanshi, M. V., Chettri, D., & Verma, A. K. (2020). Human microbiome: an academic update on human body site specifc surveillance and its possible role. Archives of Microbiology, 202(8), 2147–2167. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00203-020-01931-x
Sun, N., Ding, H., Yu, H., Ji, Y., Xifang, X., Pang, W., Wang, X., Zhang, X., & Li, W. (2021). Comprehensive Characterization of Microbial Community in the Female Genital Tract of Reproductive-Aged Women in China. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology, 11. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/cellular-and-infection-microbiology/articles/10.3389/fcimb.2021.649067/full